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Pleistocene Sea-Level Change

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Today, rising sea-levels are threatening coastal communities and ecosystems globally, but the rate and magnitude of sea-level rise vary over time and space due to the many forces which control sea-level. On geologic time scales, the primary control on sea-level is recurrent land-based ice sheets which directly remove water from the oceans (globally ubiquitous) and cause vertical land movement (spatially varying) through glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Today, ongoing GIA processes from the last glacial maximum (21,000 years ago) are still responsible for sea-level fall in the far northern US and Canadian Atlantic coast, leading to higher rates of sea-level rise along the US mid-Atlantic coast. Recent research has focused on quantifying the remaining potential elevation- and rate of- change due to GIA processes but have been unable to do so largely due to a lack of studies correlating sea-level change in the past with global ice sheet growth. This project focuses on reconstructing regional sea-level through field observations. 

PLUS! Be sure to check out this very cool StoryMap created by our own Selwyn Heminway (W&M '23), based on her study of seismic data from the backbarriers of the Virginia Barrier Islands (collected by colleague Dr. Mike Fenster of Randolph-Macon College): Story of the Eastern Shore
Current Studies
Geologic mapping and depositional models: Virginia Eastern Shore
Jennifer Connell collecting a Geoprobe drill core in the Wachapreague Formation along the east-central Virginia Eastern Shore.Overview: The Delmarva Peninsula extends south from the Delaware Bay to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, forming its eastern boundary. This feature was formed over the late-Pleistocene (120,000 – 11,500 years ago) as a series of elongate spits, paleo-Susquehanna River sediment deposits, and seaside barrier island complexes during subsequent sea-level cycles. These sedimentary units hold within them a record of GIA induced processes through multiple phases of sea-level rise, highstand, and fall. This project uses field observations to 1) create a surficial geologic map of a portion of the southern Delmarva Peninsula and its antecedent surface and 2) develop a high-resolution depositional model of the seaside deposits.
Regional Pleistocene sea-level reconstructions
Infographic explaining the concept of glacioisostacy. Developed by K. Cahoon.
Overview: Sea-level index points (SLIPs) are features in the landscape that were formed at, or deposited in, a known range of water depths. Coastal sedimentary systems, such as marshes and beaches, are high value SLIPs because they are deposited within a narrow range of sea-level and tend to be beter preserved. When coupled with robust geochronology, we can use these sedimentary deposits to reconstruct sea-level elevation and rate of change over the late-Pleistocene and to compare them to other global processes over the same time frame. This project aims to produce a late-Pleistocene regional sea-level curve for the Delmarva Peninsula. Once established, we will compare this curve to global mean sea-level curves and Northern Hemisphere ice sheet growth, decay, and geometry. By directly comparing regional sea-level curves with global change processes, we are able to address outstanding questions related to GIA at large, and aid in future GIA budget predictions.
Collaborators: Michael Fenster (Randolph Macon College), Joseph Vaughn (Randolph Macon College), Kelvin Ramsey (Delaware Geologic Survey), John Wehmiller (University of Delaware), Laura Brothers (United States Geologic Survey), Jennifer Miselis (United States Geologic Survey), Sebastien Huot (Illinois Geologic Survey), Christopher Hein (Virginia Institute of Marine Science)

Funding: EDMAP (United States Geological Survey); Geological Society of America Graduate Student Research Grant; Virginia Institute of Marine Science

Kayla Cahoon mapping modern lagoonal sediments behind Cedar Island, Virginia. Photos credit. J. Griffin, September 2021.
Publications

Please feel free to contact us for pdf copies of any of the following publications.  Note: * - Coastal Geology Lab student author

Wehmiller, J.F., Brothers, L.L., Ramsey, K.W., Foster, D.S., Mattheus, C.R., Hein, C.J., *Shawler, J.L., 2021. Molluscan aminostratigraphy of the US Mid-Atlantic Quaternary coastal system: Implications for onshore-offshore correlation, paleochannel and barrier island evolution, and local late Quaternary sea-level history, Quaternary Geochronology, v. 66, p.101177, doi: 10.1016/j.quageo.2021.101177.
Abstracts & Presentations

Feel free to contact us for pdf copies of any of the following abstracts or their associated presentations or posters.  Note: * - student author

*Cahoon, K., *Clarke, C.G., Fenster, M.S., Vaughn, J.P., Hein, C.J., 2021. Coastal highstand deposits archive Late-Pleistocene regional sea-level variability along the US Mid-Atlantic coast, AGU Fall Meeting, New Orleans, LA, December 2021.

*Cahoon, K., *Clarke, C.G., Fenster, M.S., Vaughn, J.P., Hein, C.J., 2021. Coastal highstand deposits archive Late-Pleistocene regional sea-level variability along the US Mid-Atlantic coast, Paleo Constraints on Sea-Level Rise/Solid Earth Response and Influence on Cryospheric Evolution conference (virtual), September 2021.