Coverage of underwater Bay grasses decreases in 2010
SAV Submerged aquatic vegetation provides food and refuge for many marine organisms.
Broadcasting Seeds VIMS researcher broadcasts eelgrass seeds in the seaside bays of Virginia's Eastern Shore.
Underwater Grass Beds Submerged aquatic vegetation or SAV is a key habitat in Chesapeake Bay.
Amphipods Small shrimp-like creatures called amphipods thrive in grass beds, providing food for larger Bay organisms.
Before This pair of before (June) and after (Dec) aerial photos from the bayside eastern shore of Maryland shows the seagrass die-back observed by VIMS researchers throughout the lower Bay during the very warm summer of 2005.
After This pair of before (June) and after (Dec) aerial photos from the bayside eastern shore of Maryland clearly shows the seagrass die-back observed by VIMS researchers throughout the lower Bay during the very warm summer of 2005.
Seed Collection A VIMS researcher collects flowering shoots from eelgrass plants. The seeds will be used for restoration.
Eelgrass Fruits Fruits of the eelgrass Zostera marina. Each fruit is about the size of a rice grain.
Eelgrass Seeds Seeds of the eelgrass Zostera marina. Each seed is smaller than a rice grain.
Seed Tank SAV researcher Scott Marion helps eelgrass seeds drop from flowering shoots for later collection. The seeds will be used for restoration.
An annual aerial survey led by researchers at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science shows that underwater grasses covered 79,675 acres of Chesapeake Bay and its tidal rivers in 2010, a decrease of 6,239 acres from the previous year. This year's values represent about 43 percent of the 185,000-acre baywide abundance goal set by the Chesapeake Bay Program.
Bay grasses—also called submerged aquatic vegetation or SAV—are critical to the Bay ecosystem. They provide habitat and nursery grounds for fish and blue crabs, serve as food for animals such as turtles and waterfowl, clear the water by reducing wave action, absorb excess nutrients, and reduce shoreline erosion. Bay grasses are also an excellent measure of the Bay's overall condition because they are not under harvest pressure and their health is closely linked to water quality.
VIMS scientist Bob Orth, leader of the baywide annual survey, says “We were pleased that grasses remain healthy and abundant in two areas where nutrient pollution was reduced: the upper Potomac River and Susquehanna Flats. However, the overall condition for bay grasses remains one of concern with many areas still having few, if any, grass beds. In 2010, our big concern arose in the lower Bay where eelgrass appeared to suffer another setback due to the incredibly hot summertime temperatures. Since we had mapped those beds prior to the heat wave, losses there are not reflected in our final figures.” Survey flights occur from late spring to early fall.
Orth continued, “We believe the really hot summer temperatures in the early part of the growing season may have 'cooked' the grasses before we were able to map them in areas such as the Honga River. The changes also occurred in areas dominated by just one species, widgeongrass, which has been shown to be a boom-or-bust species. 2010 may have been the hottest on record but it was those early summertime temperatures in June that may have tipped the scale for SAV in some areas.”
Grass Numbers by the Zones
Upper Bay
In the upper Bay zone (from the Chesapeake Bay Bridge north), bay grasses covered about 21,353 acres (or about 90% of the 23,630-acre goal for this zone). This is a 10-percent decrease from 2009. Large percentage increases were observed in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and part of the Sassafras River. However, bay grass acreage in a few local rivers, such as the Bush, Bohemia, and Magothy, decreased significantly and offset increases elsewhere. Overall, the massive grass bed on the Susquehanna Flats, often observable on daily satellite pictures, continues to dominate this zone.
Mid-Bay
In the middle Bay zone (from the Chesapeake Bay Bridge to the Potomac River and Pocomoke Sound), bay-grass acreage decreased 11 percent to 35,446 acres—31 percent of the 115,229-acre goal. Most areas declined in this zone, with the largest percentage declines occurring in the middle and lower Central Chesapeake Bay, as well as the Choptank, Honga, Patuxent, and Potomac Rivers. Increases in bay grasses were seen in Tangier and Pocomoke Sounds and the Manokin and Big Annemessex Rivers, as eelgrass continued its resurgence following a 2005 die-off.
Lower Bay
In the lower Bay zone (south of the Potomac River), researchers found 22,876 acres of bay grasses—a 1 percent increase from 2009 and almost 50 percent of the 46,030-acre restoration goal. This is the fourth year that bay grasses in the lower Bay zone have increased since 2005, when hot summer temperatures caused a dramatic, large-scale dieback of eelgrass. Most of the gains were in the Upper Rappahannock, lower Piankatank, and at the mouth and upper reaches of the James River, offsetting losses in other areas of the zone.
Annual bay grass acreage estimates are an indication of the Bay's response to pollution-control efforts, such as implementation of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) and upgrades to wastewater treatment plants. Homeowners throughout the Bay region help bay grasses and overall water quality by using landscaping techniques that keep excess nutrients from flowing downstream where they can harm nearby streams and eventually the Bay. Local watershed groups and online resources such as CBP’s “Plant More Plants” campaign—plantmoreplants.com—offer people more information on how to get started.
"Even with the decreases in the 2010 bay grass coverage, the patterns are similar to previous years,” said Lee Karrh, living resources assessment chief with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources and chair of the Bay Program's SAV Workgroup. “Many of the fresh and low salinity areas have very high abundances, including 16 that have reached their restoration targets. However, the saltier parts of the Bay continue to struggle, with most areas well below the restoration goals, with only the mouth of the James River exceeding the goal.”
For additional information about the aerial survey and an interactive map of SAV acreage throughout Chesapeake Bay, visit www.vims.edu/bio/sav/. For more information about the status of underwater bay grasses in the Chesapeake Bay, visit www.chesapeakebay.net/status_baygrasses.aspx.
The Chesapeake Bay Program is a regional partnership that has coordinated and conducted the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay since 1983. Partners include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; the states of Delaware, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake Bay Commission, a tri-state legislative body; and advisory groups of citizens, scientists and local government officials.