Eelgrass restoration aids overall recovery of coastal bays
Broadcasting Seed A team of VIMS researchers broadcasts eelgrass seeds into a Virginia coastal bay. Photo courtesy of Dr. Robert "JJ" Orth.
Submerged aquatic vegetation provides food and refuge for many marine organisms.
This pair of before (June) and after (Dec) aerial photos from the bayside eastern shore of Maryland shows the seagrass die-back observed by VIMS researchers throughout the lower Bay during the very warm summer of 2005.
This pair of before (June) and after (Dec) aerial photos from the bayside eastern shore of Maryland clearly shows the seagrass die-back observed by VIMS researchers throughout the lower Bay during the very warm summer of 2005.
VIMS researcher collects flowering shoots from eelgrass plants. The seeds will be used for restoration.
Fruits of the eelgrass Zostera marina. Each fruit is about the size of a rice grain.
Seeds of the eelgrass Zostera marina. Each seed is smaller than a rice grain.
SAV researcher Scott Marion helps eelgrass seeds drop from flowering shoots for later collection. The seeds will be used for restoration.
The reintroduction of eelgrass into Virginia’s coastal bays—a collaborative effort among the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, the University of Virginia, The Nature Conservancy, and the Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program—is one of the great success stories in the annals of marine restoration.
This week, a special theme section of the leading journal Marine Ecology Progress Series features 9 articles that describe the 15-year restoration process and explain how the resulting “state change” from bare seafloor sediments to lush eelgrass meadows has led to a healthier and more vibrant ecosystem overall. A final article, however, cautions that the restored meadows are vulnerable to global warming.
Eelgrass—one of several local species of submerged flowering
plants—flourished in the seaside bays of Virginia’s Eastern Shore until the 1930s,
when a wasting disease and the passage of a large hurricane wiped them out.
When eelgrass disappeared, so too did the food and nursery habitat that they had
provided to numerous marine organisms and seabirds. One notable loss was the
bay scallop—which until that time had supported a significant commercial
fishery.
Professor Robert “JJ” Orth—co-editor of the theme section and head of the seagrass restoration and monitoring program at VIMS—notes that two factors have combined to make Virginia’s coastal bays an ideal spot for restoring eelgrass and studying the resulting ecosystem changes.
First, the bays are part of the Virginia Coast Reserve. Managed by The Nature Conservancy, the reserve has been under intensive study since 1987 as a Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site administered by the University of Virginia. That’s important, says Orth, because “Ongoing baseline studies by LTER scientists in the absence of eelgrass set the stage for understanding the subsequent ecological benefits of restoring eelgrass as a dominant species.”
Second, the reserve’s relatively pristine waters are a major reason for the success of the eelgrass restoration effort. “These bays are unique in that they receive little impact from human activities,” says Orth. “Data from the LTER show that they receive low levels of nutrient pollution from the surrounding watershed, and that water quality and clarity has remained high over the last two decades.” Clear water is key for transmitting the sunlight that seagrasses need to thrive.
Coastal Bays vs. Chesapeake Bay
VIMS professor Ken Moore and colleagues contribute to the theme section with a comparative study that expands on the link between water quality and eelgrass abundance. Their results show that the increased abundance of eelgrass in the pristine waters of the coastal bays is countered by decreased or static abundance in nearby areas of lower Chesapeake Bay where waters are less clear and warmer during the summer.
Moore says “Our data show that a combination of factors in the coastal bays—including cooler summertime water temperatures and lower light attenuation—interact to both increase the proportion of light available for eelgrass photosynthesis, and to decrease the amount of light the plants need to meet their metabolic requirements through photosynthesis.”
Ecosystem services
Other papers in the theme section report on studies led by Karen McGlathery and Matthew Reidenbach of the University of Virginia. These show that restoration of eelgrass to the coastal bays has led to recovery of key “ecosystem services,” including increased capture of solar energy and subsequent transfer up the food chain, greater removal of polluting nutrients, and more trapping of suspended sediments. The latter leads to clearer water, which in turn further stimulates eelgrass growth.
Overall, these studies reveal that the increase in ecosystem services shows no sign of leveling off— even after nine years of eelgrass recovery—thereby suggesting that full restoration has not yet been reached. This optimistic finding is tempered by a modeling study led by UVA’s Joel Carr, which indicates that the eelgrass meadows “have limited resilience to increases in water temperature predicted from current climate change models.” That conclusion is bolstered by Moore’s field-based study, which shows that eelgrasses are already stressed in Chesapeake Bay by recent summertime heat waves.
Restoration history and funding
Orth and his team began planting eelgrass seeds and shoots into Virginia’s coastal bays in 1997, a year after hearing an anecdotal report of a small eelgrass patch in South Bay. From 1999 through 2010, VIMS and UVA staff and Nature Conservancy volunteers have collected and broadcast 37.8 million eelgrass seeds across 309 acres in 4 coastal bays. Those plantings have now expanded through natural re-seeding into 4,200 acres of lush eelgrass meadow.
The 15-year effort has been funded by the grants from numerous agencies, notably the Coastal Programs of the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (administered by NOAA’s Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management), the Virginia Recreational Fishing License Fund, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, The Nature Conservancy, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Virginia Department of Transportation, and private grants from the Allied-Signal Foundation, Norfolk-Southern, and the Keith Campbell Foundation for the Environment.
Papers in the special theme section of Marine Ecology Progress Series
(VIMS authors in bold)
- Orth RJ, McGlathery KJ. Eelgrass recovery in the coastal bays of the Virginia Coast Reserve, USA
- Orth RJ, Moore KA, Marion SR, Wilcox DJ, Parrish DB. Seed addition facilitates eelgrass eelgrass recovery in a coastal bay system
- Marion SR, Orth RJ. Seedling establishment in eelgrass: seed burial effects on winter losses of developing seedlings
- McGlathery KJ, Reynolds LK, Cole LW, Orth RJ, Marion SR, Schwarzchild A. Recovery trajectories during state change from bare sediment to seagrass dominance
- Reynolds LK, Waycott M, McGlathery KJ, Orth RJ, Zieman JC. Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity: case study from a coastal bay system
- Cole LW, McGlathery KJ. Dinitrogen fluxes from restored eelgrass meadows
- Moore KA, Shields E, Parrish DB, Orth RJ. Eelgrass survival in two contrasting systems: role of turbidity and summer water temperatures
- Hansen JCR, Reidenbach MA. Wave and tidally driven flows in eelgrass beds and their effects on sediment suspension
- Lawson SE, McGlathery KJ, Wiberg PL. Enhancement of sediment suspension and nutrient flux by benthic macrophytes at low biomass
- Carr JA, D’Odorico P, McGlathery KJ, Wiberg PL. Modeling the effects of climate change on eelgrass meadow and stability and resilience: future scenarios and leading indicators of collapse